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Problems
1Determine the smallest natural number the product of whose digits equals \(75600\).Open2Let \(a\), \(b\), \(c\) be positive integers such that all three of the numbers \[ p = b^{c} + a, \qquad q = a^{b} + c, \qquad r = c^{a} + b \] are prime. Prove that two of the numbers \(p\), \(q\), \(r\) …3Find all prime numbers \(p\), \(q\), \(r\), not necessarily different from one another, and all positive integers \(n\), for which \[ \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} + \frac{1}{r} = \frac{1}{n}. \]4Natural numbers \(a\), \(b\) and \(c\) satisfy \[ a + \cfrac{1}{b + \cfrac{1}{c}} = \frac{4016}{2007} . \] Prove that \[ \cfrac{1}{c + \cfrac{1}{b + \cfrac{1}{a}}} = \frac{2007}{4016} . \]5Does the number \[ 2010^{2010} + 10^{2011} \] have more digits in its decimal representation than the number \(2010^{2010}\)?6For a natural number \(k\), let \(S(k)\) denote the sum of its digits. Do there exist natural numbers \(n\) and \(m\) such that \[ S(n) \cdot S(n+1) \cdot \ldots \cdot S(n+m) = 2011^{2010}\,? \]7Determine all natural numbers \(n\) for which the number of positive divisors of \(n^{3}\) is exactly \(2011\) greater than the number of positive divisors of \(n\).8Determine all pairs of prime numbers \(p\) and \(q\) for which \((p^3 + 1)^q\) is the square of a natural number.9Let \(a\) and \(b\) be arbitrary natural numbers, let \(M\) be their least common multiple and \(D\) their greatest common divisor. Prove that \[ a^n + b^n \le M^n + D^n \] holds for every natural number …10Find a five-digit natural number whose half is the square of a natural number and whose third is the cube of a natural number.11Prove that a natural number of the form \(4n + 1\) can be represented as a sum of two squares if and only if the number \(8n + 2\) can be represented as a sum of two squares.12The decimal representation of a positive integer \(n\) uses only the digits \(1\), \(3\), \(7\) and \(9\), and each of these four digits appears at least once. Prove that the digits of \(n\) can be rearranged …13Let \(n\) be a natural number. Prove that \(n^2 + 3n + 5\) is never divisible by \(121\).14a) Suppose the ordered quadruple \((x, y, z, w)\) is a solution of the equation \[ x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + w^2 = xyzw . \] Prove that \((yzw - x,\, y,\, z,\, w)\) is a solution of the same equation. b) Prove …15Determine all natural numbers \(n\) for which the number \[ n^2 + 7n + 2 \] is equal to a product of several (at least two) consecutive natural numbers.16Find every natural number with the following property: when the sum of its digits is added to the number itself, the result is \(313\).17Find the smallest natural number \(n\) for which the sum \[ n + 2n + 3n + \cdots + 9n \] is a number whose decimal representation has all of its digits equal.18Does there exist a natural number \(n\) for which the decimal expansion of \(n!\) has the form \[ n! = \ldots 2012\,\underbrace{00\ldots 0}_{k}, \] that is, ends in the digit block \(2012\) followed by …19Let \(d\) denote the greatest common divisor and \(v\) the least common multiple of the natural numbers \(m\) and \(n\). Prove that if \[ 3m + n = 3v + d , \] then \(n\) divides \(m\).20Find the smallest three-digit number with the property that every digit of its triple is even.21Consider strictly increasing sequences \(a_1, a_2, a_3, \dots\) of prime numbers in which any two consecutive terms differ by \(2\) or by \(4\); that is, \[ a_{i+1} - a_i \in \{2, 4\} \quad \text{for every } i. \] …22Find all natural numbers \(n\) for which the three numbers \[ n-4, \qquad 2n+2, \qquad 4n+1 \] are all perfect cubes.23Let \(m > 1\) be a natural number. Prove that there is no sequence of \(2^{m}\) consecutive natural numbers all of which have exactly \(m\) prime factors, counted with multiplicity. (For example, the number …24Let \(n \ge 3\), and suppose \(n\) consecutive odd three-digit numbers are given. Prove that these \(n\) numbers can be arranged into a sequence \(b_1, b_2, \ldots, b_n\) so that the number \[ \overline{b_1b_2\ldots b_n}, \] …25Let \(n\) be the number \(100\ldots001\) whose decimal expansion consists of the digit \(1\), then \(2017\) digits \(0\), then the digit \(1\) again. Decide, with proof, whether \(n\) is divisible by (a) …26Show that the number \(7^{2018} + 9^{2020n}\) is divisible by \(5\) for every natural number \(n\).27Determine every pair of integers \((x, y)\) for which \[ \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} = \frac{1}{2} . \]28Find all natural numbers \(m\) and \(n\) that satisfy \[ \frac{3}{m} + \frac{5}{n} = 1 . \]29Jana and Zana each wrote down her own age. Both ages turned out to be two-digit numbers written with the same two digits, only in the opposite order. Five years from now, Jana will be exactly twice as …30A competition paper had \(20\) problems. Each problem answered correctly was worth \(8\) points, each problem answered incorrectly cost \(5\) points, and a problem left blank scored \(0\). Tine handed …31Find the smallest three-digit number with the following property: if its digits are written in the reverse order and the number so obtained is added to the original number, then every digit of the sum …32Find all pairs of integers \(x\) and \(y\) that satisfy the equation \[ x^2 + xy + y^2 = 1 . \]33Determine all triples of integers \((x, y, z)\) that satisfy \[ x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2} = 2004\,xyz . \]34A clock has three hands, each turning at its own constant speed: the second hand completes a full circle in one minute, the minute hand in one hour, and the hour hand in twelve hours. At midnight all three …35Find all solutions of the equation \[ 6\left(6a^{2} + 3b^{2} + c^{2}\right) = 5d^{2} \] in integers \(a\), \(b\), \(c\), \(d\).36Solve the equation \[ 12^{x} + 10^{y} = 7102^{z} \] in the set of natural numbers.37Find all natural numbers that are powers of \(3\) and whose representation in base \(12\) contains only the digits \(6\) and \(9\).38Find all pairs of natural numbers \(a\) and \(b\) that satisfy the equation \[ a^2 - 5ab + 24 = 0 . \]39Nika and Tim played a series of card games. A draw was impossible. They agreed in advance that after each game the winner receives more points than the loser and that the loser receives a positive number …40Find all prime numbers \(p\), \(q\) and \(r\) for which \[ 15p + 7pq + qr = pqr . \]41Show that the number \[ 2^{\,2n+3} + 3^{\,n+2}\cdot 7^{\,n} \] is divisible by \(17\) for every natural number \(n\).42Find all integers \(n\) for which the number \[ \frac{9n+8}{n+7} \] is also an integer.43Let \(a\) and \(b\) be natural numbers, both greater than \(1\), such that \[ \sqrt{a\sqrt{a\sqrt{a}}} = b . \] What is the smallest possible value of the sum \(a + b\)?44Find all pairs of integers \(a\) and \(b\) satisfying \[ 4a - 2b + 22ab^2 - 11b^3 = 2024 . \]45The edge of a wooden cube is a natural number \(a > 2\). The cube is painted all over and then cut into unit cubes. It turns out that the number of unit cubes with exactly two painted faces divides the …46Find all rational numbers \(r\) and all integers \(k\) that satisfy \[ r\bigl(5k - 7r\bigr) = 3 . \]47Find every integer \(n\) that can be written in the form \[ n = \frac{m+2021}{2021-m}, \] where \(m\) is an integer.48Find all three-digit numbers \(\overline{abc}\) that are divisible by \(9\) and satisfy \[ \overline{abc} = a^6 + b^2 + c^3, \] where \(a\), \(b\), \(c\) denote the digits of the number.
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